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A variety of solutes are found at high levels in the cells of marine invertebrates and some fish. Some of these may affect membrane properties. We are examining adaptation vegetarian of membranes of elasmobranch fishes (shark's skates and vegetarian rays) to the high level of urea and methylamines found in their tissues. We have shown that elasmobranch mitochondrial membranes are unusual in their phospholipid and fatty acid vegetarian composition and are now examining how solutes may affect these membranes. Mechanisms of urea retention in elasmobranch fishes. We are examining how the gills and kidneys of sharks and rays are adapted to retain urea. As the most important osmotically active particle in marine sharks and rays, urea retention plays an important role in the energetics of these fishes. Our research focuses on the membrane structure and the function of the urea transporters of the gills and kidneys of marine and freshwater elasmobranchs.
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