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The hydrolysis of triacylglycerol is achieved through the action of pancreatic lipase, which requires colipase, metabolism also secreted by the pancreas, for metabolism activity. In the intestine, fat is emulsified with bile salts and phospholipids secreted into the intestine in bile, hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes, and almost completely absorbed. Pancreatic lipase has high specificity for the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of dietary triacylglycerols, resulting in the release of free fatty acids from the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and 2-monoacylglycerol. These products of digestion are absorbed into the enterocyte, and the triacylglycerols are reassembled, largely via the 2-monoacylglycerol pathway. This pathway metabolism conserves the fatty acid at the sn-2 position. The triacylglycerols are then assembled together with cholesterol, phospholipid, and apoproteins into chylomicrons. Following absorption, fatty acids of carbon chain length 12 or less may be transported as unesterified fatty acids bound to albumin directly to the liver via the portal vein, rather than acylated into triacylglycerols.
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